What are common external signs of death observed in a forensic examination?

In forensic examinations, common external signs of death primarily include rigor mortis and livor mortis. Rigor mortis refers to the stiffening of the muscles that occurs after death, typically beginning a few hours post-mortem and lasting for a day or two. It serves as a critical indicator of the time elapsed since death. Livor mortis, or post-mortem hypostasis, is the pooling of blood due to gravity, which occurs in the parts of the body that are positioned lowest after death. This phenomenon can also provide information about the positioning of the body and the time of death, as it develops in stages and can indicate if the body has been moved.

While skin pallor and temperature can indicate death, they are not as definitive as rigor mortis and livor mortis in forensic contexts. Decomposition also occurs after death, but it does not provide immediate external signs during a forensic examination; rather, it is a process that happens over time. Therefore, rigor mortis and livor mortis are more pivotal for forensic pathology when determining the cause and time of death and are recognized as the hallmark signs of death in forensic examinations.